ReviseSociology

Tag: A-level

  • Changing Family Values in the UK

    Attitudes towards family life have become more ‘postmodern’ and less conservative between 2006/07 and 2018/19.

    According to the latest British Social Attitudes Survey which measures ‘family values’ by five questions about whether individuals approve or disapprove about different aspects of family life:

    • remaining childless (disapproval fell from 8% to 6% in the last ten years)
    • cohabitation (disapproval fell from 14 to 8%)
    • having children while cohabiting (out of marriage) (21 to 12%)
    • Being in full time work with children under three (20 to 11%)
    • Divorce with children under 12 (disapproval fell from 28% to 16%)

    What this shows us is that individual values about family life have become more Post/ Late Modern over the last decade – many of these indicators suggest more individualisation, more support for freedom of choice and (surprisingly) divorcing even with children.

    There is also a clear shift away from New Right views with increasing support for cohabitation (rather than marriage) being a suitable family arrangement for raising children.

    Older generations dying explain this shift in values

    The British social attitudes survey analyses their findings by comparing family values across five generations – split as follows:

    • Born 1901-1927 – the Greatest Generation
    • Born 1928-1945 – the Silent Generation
    • Born 1946-1964 – the Baby Boomers
    • Born 1965-1980 – Generation X
    • Born 1981-1996 – Millennials
    • Born 1997-2012 – Generation Z

    Unfortunately this shift towards more liberal family values hasn’t occurred because of (older) people changing their minds and become more tolerant of family diversity, rather it’s because the older generations have died and their traditional family values have died with them.

    This is best illustrated if we compare the family values of the oldest and youngest generations:

    In the 2006/07 survey there were still large numbers of the ‘Great Generation’ alive (those born between 1901 and 1927) who had VERY conservative values about the family, however by the 2018/19 survey the youngest member of this generation would have been 91 and the oldest 117, resulting in insufficient numbers for a representative sample, hence this generation disappears from the survey results by 2018/19.

    While for Generation Z who would have been too young to take part in the survey ten years ago, they now appear in the latest results, albeit in small numbers (because some would still be too young!) and these have much more liberal attitudes.

    You can also clearly see the shift towards more liberal values more generally in the chart above.

    One final thing to think about is the changing attitudes to working with young children – more people probably think this is OK because they know people increasingly HAVE to work to pay the bills, so it’s not as if this is a matter of choice for most parents with younger children!

    Changing European Family Values

    The report also compares changing attitudes to family life to changes in other countries in Europe:

    Family values are getting more liberal in EVERY European country except Sweden (but that had VERY low disapproval ratings to start with!), suggesting this is a regional trend, although other countries started from a ‘higher base’ of more conservative family values.

    Signposting and Related Posts

    This post has primarily been written for students of A-level sociology and is relevant to the families and households module.

    It seems to be valid evidence showing a shift towards postmodern values and away from new right views on the family and it is also relevant to marriage and divorce and family diversity topics as these trends help explain the decline in marriage and increase in divorce – they show that more people think it’s acceptable to not be married before starting a family and OK to divorce even if you have younger children.

    Please click here to return to the homepage – ReviseSociology.com

    Sources/ Find out More

    The full BSA report on the family is worth a read!

  • Families and Households Revision Work Packs and Power Points for Sale

    I’ve just released some extensive revision workbooks and Power Points for sale as part of my sociology teaching resources subscription package, available for only £9.99 a month!

     

    This teaching resource bundle contains work books and Power Points covering the entire content of education and research methods of the AQA’s A-level sociology specification.

    The resources should be enough to cover at least 8-10 revision lessons on families and households.

    Resources in March’s bundle include

    • One families and households workbook in Word – 43 pages
    • Two families Power Points – over 100 slides
    • Short answer questions PDF – three full examples, but lots more on the PPTs
    • Essay plans in PDF – seven essays, in full.
    • Basic revision notes in PDF – 63 pages.

    The presentations contain some nice visual resources like this!

    More resources to come…

    I’m making resources available every month as part of this teacher resource subscription package. Please click the link to left for details of the schedule of what’s coming in future months!

  • Education and research methods Revision Work Packs and Power Points for Sale

    I’ve just released some extensive revision workbooks and Power Points for sale as part of my sociology teaching resources subscription package, available for only £9.99 a month!

    This teaching resource bundle contains work books and Power Points covering the entire content of education and research methods of the AQA’s A-level sociology specification.

    The resources should be enough to cover at least 8-10 revision lessons on education and research methods.

    Resources in February’s bundle include

    • One education workbook in Word – 65 pages
    • Two education Power Points – over 70 slides
    • One research methods workbook in Word – 60 pages
    • One Research Methods Power Point – 60 slides
    • Short answer questions PDF for education and research methods
    • Essay plans PDF for education, research methods and methods in context.

    NB – These aren’t visual, I have had to remove most the pictures I use personally, for copyright reasons, but I’m sure you can find your own to fit in.

    The work packs and Power Points contain various activities such as….

    Paired concepts

    Short answer practice questions

    A-Z word matching tasks

    10 Mark practice questions

    Essay plans and short answer question PDFs

    I’m also throwing in PDFs of my short answer practice questions and Essay plans for education research methods, which I normally sell as part of my revision bundles!

    More resources to come…

    I’m making resources available every month as part of this teacher resource subscription package. Please click the link to left for details of the schedule of what’s coming in future months!

  • Marxism in Pictures

    This post aims to simplify some Marxist concepts by representing them as pictures and providing some brief definitions…

    For more detailed posts on Marxism you might like any of the following:

    Feminisms

    Capitalism and Class Structure

    Society is structured like a pyramid, those with capital at the top

    Society’s Structure is made up of institutions

    Bourgeoisie and Proletariat

    Exploitation

    Lies at the heart of the capitalist system according to Marx

    Surplus Value

    Alienation

    Where workers feel detached from their work, not at home in the work place, not in control, thus ‘alienated’

    Ideological Control

    Institutions such as the media teach the masses to be passive and not criticize the injustices of the capitalist system

    Communism

    An economic system based on shared ownership of the means of production

    Revolution

    Necessary to achieve Communism according to Marx

    Repressive state apparatus

    State institutions which perform ‘obvious’ social control – such as the police and the army

    Ideological state apparatus

    Institutions of the state which achieve social control through controlling people’s minds – namely schools

    Organic Intellectuals

    Middle class individuals who will emerge to educate the masses to be more critical of capitalism, according to Gramsci

    Commodity Fetishism

    Where we value material objects (and money) more than people and social relations

    False Needs

    The desire for unnecessary products created by advertising. False needs are necessary to keep capitalism going 

    Correspondence Principle

    Where norms learnt in school prepare children for their future exploitation in work

    Neo-colonialism

    Where western global institutions make developing countries economically dependent on western countries

    The reproduction of class inequality

    Where inequalities between classes are carried on across the generations, as wealth and poverty get passed down

    The Transnational Capitalist Class

    The new global capitalist class – world political leaders, billionaire and heads of large companies etc.

    Marxism in pictures final thoughts

    Marxism is a pretty complex theory, and this post does ‘simplify to the extreme. For more in depth posts on Marxism, please follow the links on my Theory and Methods page!

    Competition …. Win REVISE tokens!

    Post a picture in the comments of a picture which you think represents a Marxist concept, along with a short (20-100 words) explanation of why it’s a relevant picture.

    Prizes

    Prizes will be awarded purely at my own sole discretion.

    • First prize – 50 REVISE
    • Second prize – 30 REVISE
    • Third prize – 15 REVISE
    • First ten entries all receive 2 REVISE each, just for entering!
    • If you submit a hand-drawn original work of art or photo as part of your entry I’ll gift you 10 REVISE!

    I’m going to make this a 6 month rolling competition and these prizes are going to be awarded EVERY MONTH – from December 2019 until May 2020.

    WTF are ‘REVISE’ tokens?

    The REVISE token is ‘ReviseSociology.com’ token. It’s basically a crypto-currency I’ve conjured out of virtual space which you can use on the site.

    REVISE tokens can be redeemed for money off my revision resources and revision Webinars, all for sale in my Sellfy shop.

    You’ll need a Steem account to receive your REVISE tokens. Steem is a decentralised, censorship resistant cryptocurrency based social media platform. You can sign up here, or drop me an email if you’d like a free account. Once you’ve got an account, I can send you your tokens!

    NB signing up is a bit of a mission, but I’m on Steem myself and can thoroughly recommend it. Unfortunately there isn’t a viable way for me to truly integrated this Word Press site and my Steem account, so at this stage this is all separate. Integration will hopefully come in the future.

    It’s just a bit of fun at this stage!

    Redeeming REVISE tokens

    ATM this process isn’t automated (it would cost me a fortune to pay someone to integrate all of this!) but if you want to purchase something and you’ve got some REVISE, just contact me (on here, on Steem, or via mail), tell me what you want to purchase and I’ll sort out a discount based on how many REVISE you’ve got!

    You’ll need a Steem account to send me back the REVISE tokens so I can issue you the discount voucher.

    If you would like a FREE INSTANT steem account, drop me a line, I’ve got about 100 free accounts I can give away!

    The redeemable value of the revise token is a % off your purchase. So if you have 50 Revise then you get 50% off the purchase price. If you have 10 revise tokens, you get 10% off the purchase price.

    This is up to a maximum discount of 100% of the purchase price!

    You can also buy (and sell!) REVISE tokens on steem-engine.

    Good luck with the competition and all the technicalities and working out the math!

    Please post your competition entries in the comments below!

     

  • Functionalism in Pictures

    Pictures are a powerful tool for simplifying key concepts in A-level sociology. In this post I select what I think are some of the most relevant pictures which represent some of the key concepts relevant to the Functionalist perspective on society.

    The Organic Analogy/ society as a system

    Institutions in society work together, like  organs in a body

    Social Structure

    Society’s Structure is made up of institutions

    Social Facts

    Durkheim theorized that social facts were ways of thinking, feeling and acting which were external to the individual and which constrained the individual.

    Value Consensus

    Society is based on shared values

    Social Evolution

    Societies gradually become more complex over time.

    Mechanical and Organic Solidarity

    Functional Fit Theory

    The nuclear family emerged to ‘fit’ industrial society

    Socialisation

    Individuals learn the norms and values of society, within institutions

    Stabilisation of Adult Personalities

    Traditional gender roles within the nuclear family provide necessary emotional and psychological support for individuals.

    Meritocracy

    Individuals are rewarded on the basis of effort + ability. Both meritocracy and role allocation are key ideas in the Functionalist perspective on education.

    Role Allocation

    Where the exam system ‘sifts’ people into appropriate jobs based on their level of achievement

    Social Integration

    The more connections people have to others and institutions within society, the more integrated they are.

    Social Regulation

    Social regulation is the extent to which there are clear norms and value (‘rules’) which guide people in life.

    Anomie

    Anomie is a state of normlessness, brought on by rapid social change or breakdown. Lack of social integration or regulation can both lead to anomie

    Functionalism in pictures final thoughts

    This isn’t meant to be an exhaustive list of concepts, or definitive definitions, the idea of this post is to ‘simplify to the extreme’. For more in depth posts on Functionalism, please follow the links on my Theory and Methods page!

    Competition …. Win REVISE tokens!

    Post a picture in the comments of a picture which you think represents a Functionalist concept, along with a short (20-100 words) explanation of why it’s a relevant picture.

    Prizes

    Prizes will be awarded purely at my own sole discretion.

    • First prize – 50 REVISE
    • Second prize – 30 REVISE
    • Third prize – 15 REVISE
    • First ten entries all receive 2 REVISE each, just for entering!
    • If you submit a hand-drawn original work of art or photo as part of your entry I’ll gift you 10 REVISE!

    I’m going to make this a 6 month rolling competition and these prizes are going to be awarded EVERY MONTH – from December 2019 until May 2020.

    WTF are ‘REVISE’ tokens?

    The REVISE token is ‘ReviseSociology.com’ token. It’s basically a crypto-currency I’ve conjured out of virtual space which you can use on the site.

    REVISE tokens can be redeemed for money off my revision resources and revision Webinars, all for sale in my Sellfy shop.

    You’ll need a Steem account to receive your REVISE tokens. Steem is a decentralised, censorship resistant cryptocurrency based social media platform. You can sign up here, or drop me an email if you’d like a free account. Once you’ve got an account, I can send you your tokens!

    NB signing up is a bit of a mission, but I’m on Steem myself and can thoroughly recommend it. Unfortunately there isn’t a viable way for me to truly integrated this Word Press site and my Steem account, so at this stage this is all separate. Integration will hopefully come in the future.

    It’s just a bit of fun at this stage!

    Redeeming REVISE tokens

    ATM this process isn’t automated (it would cost me a fortune to pay someone to integrate all of this!) but if you want to purchase something and you’ve got some REVISE, just contact me (on here, on Steem, or via mail), tell me what you want to purchase and I’ll sort out a discount based on how many REVISE you’ve got!

    You’ll need a Steem account to send me back the REVISE tokens so I can issue you the discount voucher.

    If you would like a FREE INSTANT steem account, drop me a line, I’ve got about 100 free accounts I can give away!

    The redeemable value of the revise token is a % off your purchase. So if you have 50 Revise then you get 50% off the purchase price. If you have 10 revise tokens, you get 10% off the purchase price.

    This is up to a maximum discount of 100% of the purchase price!

    You can also buy (and sell!) REVISE tokens on steem-engine.

    Good luck with the competition and all the technicalities and working out the math!

    Please post your competition entries in the comments below!

  • The selective filter model of audience effects

    The selective filter model of audience effects (Klapper 1960) holds that media messages pass through three filters before they have an effect.

    This is an active audience model which suggests that the audience do not just passively accept what they see in the media as ‘the truth’, as the hypodermic syringe model suggests.

    According to this theory the three filters are:

    1. selective exposure
    2. selective perception
    3. selective retention

    selective filter model.png

     

    Selective exposure 

    Different groups are exposed to different media content, which will influence the effect the media can have on them.

    Audiences actively choose what to watch, which is influenced by their interests, age, gender, education etc.

    Censorship may also deny some groups access to certain content, thus denying them exposure. An example of this is with age-graded media content which parents might prevent their children from watching.

    Selective perception

    Audiences may reject some of the content they are exposed to, for example because what they see does not fit in with their view of the world.

    Festinger (1957) argued that people actively seek out media content which affirms their already existing views of the world.

    Selective retention 

    Finally, content has to stick for it to have an effect.

    Audiences are more likely to remember content they agree with.

    Sources 

    Adapted from Chapman et al: Sociology AQA A-level Year 2 student book

     

  • Exam advice from the AQA’s Examiner Reports from 2018

    The AQA produces an examiner report after every exam, and it’s very good advice to look at these reports to see common mistakes students made last year, so you can avoid making the same mistakes this year!

    AQA sociology examiner report 2018.png

    Below I’ve selected FIVE choice pieces of advice based on the two most common errors from the 2018 Education with Theory and Methods paper.

    1. For the short answer questions, make sure you get your ID and Development the right way round – for example, last year’s 4 mark question was on ‘two reasons why marketisation policies may create social class differences in educational achievement’ – many students started with a policy rather than a reason, they should have started with a reason and then illustrated with a policy.
    2. The six marker was ‘outline three reasons for gender differences in educational achievement – the report says that many students did not get a second mark because they failed to be specific enough in their application to gender or educational achievement, so be specific!
    3. For question 5 – the methods in context question – the best answers used the hooks in the item, so use the item!
    4. At the other end of the paper – the final 10 mark theory and methods and question, a lot of students seemed to run out time to answer this, so make sure you get your timing right. Remember that it’s almost certainly going to be easier to get 4/10 for a 10 mark question than to go from 12/20 to 16/20 on a methods in context question – the bar’s lower after all!
    5. Focussing on the final 10 marker – if you get another ‘criticise a theory’ type question’ then the best answers simply used other perspectives to develop their criticisms.

    It seems that the 10 marker with item and 30 mark essay question were OK!

    Sources 

    All information taken from the AQA’s 7192/1 examiner report.

    You can read the full report here.

    You can view the 2018 paper here.

  • Protected: A Level Sociology Revision Webinar Recordings (12 session series)

    This content is password protected. To view it please enter your password below:

  • A-level Sociology Revision Webinars 2020 (AQA focus)

    Please note these have been cancelled due to Coronavirus!

    But I will be running the same series in 2021, from March!

    A Level Sociology Revision Webinars starting March 2020

    The webinars are scheduled for 19.00 every Monday (with one on a Thursday) and will run from Monday 1st of April to Monday 20th June, 2 days before the last exam (crime and deviance with theory and methods). Webinars are scheduled early so that we can get through the entire specification BEFORE the first paper (on May 20th).

    NB Registration will only be open during March and the first two weeks of April, then it will close!

    Schedule (please see below for a more detailed version)

    1. Thursday 26th March – Education 1
    2. Thursday 2nd April – Education 2
    3. Thursday 9th April – Families and Households 1
    4. Thursday 16th April – Beliefs in Society
    5. Thursday 3rd April – Crime and Deviance 1
    6. Thursday 30th April – Crime and Deviance 2
    7. Thursday 7th May – Research Methods
    8. Thursday 14th May – Social Theories
    9. Saturday 16th May – Education and Theory and Methods 3 (exam on 20th May )
    10. Monday 25th May – Request webinar, content TBC
    11. Monday 3rd June – Families and Beliefs 2 (exam on 2nd June)
    12. Monday 10th June – Crime and Deviance with Theory and Methods 3 (Exam on 10th June).

    All of these webinars will last 50 minutes during which I will provide a brief overview of some of the content within each topic, and a discussion of at least three specific exam practice questions. Students will be able to ask questions during the Webinar, via text, and there will also be time for students to ask questions at the end.

    I will be conducting the Webinars via Click Meeting, which allows students to download support materials in advance of the seminars, ask questions during the seminars via ‘chat’, and which will also allow students to review the seminar afterwards as they will be recorded and stored on the site. Recordings will be available until the 16th of June (several days after the final A-level sociology exam).

    Sample of Webinar 1 from 2019

    Webinar Support materials

    The first eight revision Webinars are supported by a PowerPoint, revision notes and exemplar exam questions, and the education, families and methods topics (basically the first year content) have gapped revision hand-outs too, so these really are being offered at a bargain price!

    Detailed Schedule..

    Please click below for the full schedule (PDF)

    Revise Sociology Webinars ScheduleV2

    How to access the Webinars and resources

    Access to all 12 Webinars is only £49.99, which is less than £5 a Webinar. 

    The link will take you to a registration page for my ‘Permanent Room’ on the ClickMeeting platform. This is the room from which I will be running all revision Webinars from, every Thursday from March 26th, switching to Mondays before the exam, and one on a Saturday.

    Once registered you will receive an email from ClickMeeting which will provide you with an access link which will allow you access my permanent room for March-June 2019. (NB I will only be using this at the scheduled times, as outlined in the schedule.)

    Following registration I will also send you an email containing all the relevant revision resources for the 12 Webinars. These will also be downloadable during and immediately after each revision session.

    Reminder emails will be sent out the day in advance of each of the 12 Webinar Revision Sessions, and also watch out for a bonus ‘introducing revision Webinars’ session on the final Monday in March, to give you an opportunity to familiarise yourself with how ClickMeeting works.

    Payment is via PayPal only!

    About your Tutor

    I’ve taught sociology for 20 years, 16 of those in a successful sixth form college between 2002 and 2018 (10 years as Head of Department).

    In 2014 I set up this blog, and managed to save enough off the back of it to quit working for the ‘man’ and now I work independently, developing non-corporate support materials to facilitate the teaching and learning of A-level sociology.

    I also see myself as something of a trail-blazer in developing 16-19 online education: in 2019, we should be doing better than 20 teenagers all having to travel to a central location and then ‘sitting in a room’ for an hour or two. To my mind this all seems a bit 19th century. These Webinars are a move towards making A-level education more flexible and decentralised.

  • Are schools meritocratic?

    Are schools meritocratic?

    In this post I apply some sociological concepts to develop arguments for and against the view that schools are meritocratic.

    This post is really designed to show students how they can apply concepts to this question from across the sociology of education topic within A-level sociology.

    applying sociology concepts education.png

    Arguments for the view that education is meritocratic 

    Particularistic values

    Functionalists argue that at in school students are judged by universalistic values, so it is more meritocratic than at home where children are judged by different particularistic values.

    Cultural deprivation

    Schools offer children equality of opportunity and so are fair, it’s the inferior values of working-class parents such as immediate gratification that stops them achieving.

    School ethos

    Nearly all schools today, especially academies have a high ethos of achievement.

    Pupil Premium

    Introduced under The Coalition government, this encourages schools to accept more students from poor backgrounds, helping to combat selection by mortgage, which is not meritocratic.

    Other supporting concepts and evidence

    Life-long learning, parity of esteem, expansion of modern apprenticeships, compensatory education.

    Arguments and evidence against the view that education is meritocratic 

    Correspondence principle

    In state school children are taught to obey authority and accept hierarchy rather than to use their talents to achieve.

    Cultural capital

    Middle class parents have always been more able than working class parents to use their skills to get their kids into the best schools, thus there is not real equality of opportunity

    Teacher labelling

    Teachers are more likely to negatively label boys, working class and Black Caribbean children as problem students, meaning they are held back through being put in lower bands.

    1988 Education Act

    Unfairly benefitted middle class parents through selection by mortgage and the school-parent alliance.

    Other criticising concepts and evidence

    Banding and streaming, myth of meritocracy, hidden curriculum, ethnocentric curriculum.

    Sociology Teaching Resources for Sale

    If you’re a sociology teacher and you like this sort of thing, and you want to support my resource development work, then you might like these teaching resources for the sociology of education. They are specifically designed for A-level sociology students and consist of three documents: