Judith Butler argues that gender is a performative act shaped by cultural norms rather than a fixed identity. She contends that historical insights on gender and sexuality emphasize the social construction of these concepts, influencing modern discussions on identity and challenging traditional gender roles, ultimately leading to fluid expressions of gender and sexuality.
Postmodern theories underline leisure and consumer activities as key sources of identity in postmodern society, contrary to identity formed by work or social class in the modern era. In his book, “Decentring Leisure,” Chris Rojek argues that leisure, often blurred with work, isn’t defined separately but in relation to other experiences. Rojek and later theorists like Scraton and Bramham agree that leisure has transformed with the advent of postmodernity – shifting from a concept of escape to self-indulgence and expression, primarily driven by consumerism and personal lifestyle.
Neo-tribes based on chosen lifestyles and reflect the shift to postmodern society,
The government added 2 additional options for ethnicity in the 2021 Census: ‘Roma’ and ‘Black British Other’. However, they rejected
modern subcultures have strong boundaries and high commitment, postmodern subcultures are weaker and more fragmented.
Club cultures in the early 1990s are maybe best characterised as neo-tribes.
A summary of the Birmingham Centre for Cultural Studies neo-marxist approach to youth subcultures.
two responses to globalisation are more hybrid identities but also a retreat to more restrictive national identities.
The precariat are generally in low-income, insecure employment, rent rather than own their own homes and have low levels of social and cultural capital.